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Sets
Sets are defined as a combination of any number of reps of one exercise. The number
of sets used in a workout is directly related to training results. Typically, two to three sets
are used by intermediate and advanced lifters to achieve optimum gains in strength.
Experts agree that multiple-set systems work best for the development of strength and
muscular endurance. Gains will be made at a faster rate by using a multiple-set
system than gains achieved through a single-set system. The use of a single set of an
exercise is recommended and very effective for individuals who are untrained or
just beginning a resistance training program. One-set programs might also be used
for simple maintenance once you are in shape. It is important to note that low-volume
set programs will increase strength in untrained individuals, but more complex
physiological adaptations, such as gains in muscle mass, tone, size, and performance
usually requires higher-volume set training for the best results. Multiple sets of an
exercise present a more intense training stimulus to the muscles during each set.
Once your desired initial fitness level has been achieved, multiple-set performances
of the exercise using the proper resistance (with specific rest periods between sets)
will take you to the next level of strength training, endurance, and muscular development.
Resistance Used
The amount of resistance used for a specific exercise is probably the most important
variable in resistance training. When designing a resistance training program, a weight
for each exercise must be chosen. The use of repetition maximums (RM): the exact
resistance that allows only a specific number of repetitions to be performed, is probably
the easiest method for determining a resistance. Typically, one uses a training RM target
or a RM target zone. Example: If your RM zone is 8 to 12 repetitions and you cannot lift
the weight at least 8 times using proper form, the weight is too heavy. On the other
hand, if you can easily lift the weight 12 times, the weight is too light. In either case, the
weight needs to be changed. As the strength level of the lifter changes over time, the
resistance is adjusted so a true RM target or target zone resistance is used.
Rest Periods Between Sets and Exercises
One frequently overlooked variable in exercise prescription is the length of the rest
period between sets and between different exercises. Your desired fitness goals will
normally determine the amount of time you allow your body to rest. Exercises
involving high repetitions (15 to 20) and a high number of sets (3 to 4) with short rest
periods (30 seconds) between sets will raise metabolic demands. This in turn will burn
excess body fat and increase muscular endurance. Short rest periods are a
characteristic of circuit weight training, and the resistances used are typically lighter.
This type of workout is best for trimming body fat and toning muscle. Exercises with
heavier resistance and fewer sets usually have a longer resting period between sets.
The results of using this method are normally increased muscular strength and mass.
If the desired outcome is to gain overall muscle mass, your exercise prescription
should lean toward a higher weight resistance doing 2 to 6 repetitions per set, with a
rest period of 3 to 4 minutes between each set.
Rest Periods Between Workouts
The amount of rest between training sessions depends on the recovery ability of the
individual. Most experts agree that three workouts per week with one day of rest between
sessions allows adequate recovery, especially for the beginner. If the resistance
training is not excessive, only moderate amounts of delayed muscular soreness should
be experienced one day after the session. As the lifter advances and his or her body
is better able to tolerate and recuperate from the resistance exercise sessions, the
frequency of training can be increased. Well-conditioned athletes may be capable of,
and need training frequencies of 4 to 5 days in a row to improve significantly and
achieve their desired goals. When consecutive-training-day sequences are used, it is
usually beneficial to do different exercises for the same muscle groups and use different
resistances for the exercises. When training is performed on consecutive days, it often
involves the use of a split routine (different body parts exercised each day), or a split
program (different exercises for the same body part performed each day). There are
many books available at the library or your local book store for the intermediate and
advanced weight training enthusiast. It is also recommended that you work with a
qualified personal trainer to achieve your ultimate goals.
Order of Exercise
Leaders in the field of strength and conditioning believe that working the larger muscle
groups first (chest, back, legs), should take priority over training the smaller muscle
groups (biceps, triceps, deltoids, calves). The reason behind this exercise order is that
the exercises performed in the beginning of the workout are the ones that are going to
require the greatest amount of muscle mass to perform. Hence, exercising the smaller
muscle groups first will deplete the body of the energy necessary to stimulate the larger
muscle groups. Arm-to-leg ordering allows for some recovery of the arm muscles while
the leg muscles are exercised. “Stacking” exercises is a common practice among
body builders as a way to attempt to bring about muscle hypertrophy. Stacking is
loading up different exercises on the same muscle group (ie. standing bicep curls,
preacher curls, one arm concentration curls). The exercise order will have a significant
impact on the training stimulus stress level in a training session.
Scheduling Training
Finding the time to do it is one of the most difficult aspects of a training program. Once
you have established a time to workout you should plan a training routine based on
what muscles to involve on which day. As previously discussed, the larger muscle
groups such as the chest, back, and legs should take priority over working the smaller
muscle groups. Give your muscles at least 48 hours (but no more than 72 hours) of
rest in between sessions.
EXERCISE
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